So this estimate would be realistic for a product like a simple phone app that a software engineer can create in a few hours and costs nothing to manufacture, but physical products and more advanced software products would cost considerably more, putting them out of reach for most individual innovators.

And it does not include any cost for setting up production.

This estimate includes only $2,000 for engineering, implying that your invention only requires about half a week of engineering labor.

Meanwhile, to elaborate on Thiel’s point that individuals don’t usually have the resources to develop revolutionary inventions, financial consultants estimate that it takes a minimum of about $25,000 to develop a new invention. According to Christensen, revolutionary innovations typically start out in markets that are too small to interest established companies, though they can grow exponentially from there. In The Innovator’s Dilemma, Clayton Christensen elaborates on Thiel’s observation that established companies seldom create revolutionary technologies.

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